Caxamarca es una revista multidisciplinaria de divulgación patrocinada por el Rectorado de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca (UNC) y editada por el Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Responsabilidad Social Universitaria. Publica resultados de los trabajos financiados por el Fondo Especial de Desarrollo Universitario (FEDU) y ejecutados por los docentes de la UNC.
Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Responsabilidad Social de la Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca
Socio-demographic characteristics of family violence in the fiscal district of Cajamarca 2015
This research addresses family violence as a global public health problem with devastating effects in all parts of the world, being one of the main causes of death, its impact is reflected in alarming figures; Gender violence, in particular, is a structural manifestation aimed at maintaining or increasing the subordination of women to the male gender. Although there are laws and regulations to address this problem, family violence remains a complex phenomenon that requires a multidisciplinary approach and an effective response by authorities and health professionals; In the specific context of the Fiscal District of Cajamarca, this study seeks to raise awareness and motivate action to prevent and address cases of family violence, involving a multidisciplinary team, both institutional and inter-institutional, to offer relevant conclusions and recommendations. Regarding the methodology, the analytical and inductive method was used, the study population consists of 3222 cases of family violence, with a sample of 343 cases. The results obtained offer a detailed view of the distribution rate of family violence in various categories during 2015, providing a snapshot of the magnitude and persistence of this phenomenon in Peruvian society; the constant frequency of family violence, both physical and psychological, throughout the year indicates the seriousness and urgency of addressing this social problem. In addition, it is observed that the police department is the most active in addressing the demands of family violence, suggesting greater awareness and response from local authorities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Caxamarca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Influence of the terrasil additive on the maximum dry density and the optimal moisture content of clay soil
The research was carried out with the objective of determining the influence of terrasil on compacted high plasticity clay soil, for which altered soil samples were obtained from pits made in the Bendiza town, district of Jesús, provincial and Cajamarca Region, which were transferred to soil mechanics laboratory where general granulometry and consistency limits tests were carried out, with the results and through the Unified Soil Classification System (SUCS), clay soil with high plasticity CH was obtained, besides special compaction tests were carried out to determine the maximum dry density and the optimal moisture content of the soil by adding different percentages of terrasil, the maximum dry density values are determined 1.78g/cm3, 1.97 g/cm3, 1.92 g/cm3, 1.89 g/cm3, 1.88 g/cm3, 1. 79 g/cm3 and optimal moisture content 17.5 %, 13.8 %, 15.0%, 17.0 %, 16.8 %, 19.5 % adding the percentages of the terrasil additive 0.00 %, 0.017 %, 0.028 %, 0.035 %, 0.052 % and 0.069 %. It is concluded that by adding 0.020 % of terrasil, the highest value of maximum dry density of 1.98 g/cm3 and the lowest value of optimal moisture content of 13.7 % was obtained.
Elevation change due to erosion of the bed of the Grande, Porcón and Mashcón rivers in sections impacted by diversion catchments - Cajamarca
The objective of this investigation was to determine the change in elevation, due to water erosion, of the bed of the Grande, Porcón and Mashcón rivers in sections impacted by catchments derived from Cajamarca, considering a time elapsed from its construction until the year 2023, the year in which the present study was carried out. Four diversion catchments were selected such that downstream of them the descent of the river bed is very noticeable. Through field and office work, altimetric information and longitudinal slope were obtained for two sections of each river, upstream and downstream of each catchment, as well as the differences in level between the dissipating pool and the current bed. By sectioning the channel every 100 m over a length of 1.0 km, identifying the bank, prior to lowering the bed, the volume eroded by the river's water action was estimated. The longitudinal slope of the rivers, upstream of the Huacariz, El Ingenio, Tres Molinos and Río Porcón catchments were 0.023 m/m, 0.019 m/m, 0.031 m/m and 0.033 m/m, respectively, and downstream of the same of 0.0076 m/m, 0.0072 m/m, 0.0170 m/m and 0.0321 m/m, respectively, which corroborates that the degradation downstream of the catchments causes a decrease in the slope. On the other hand, the volumes of the aggradation wedges (upstream of the barrage) and the degradation wedges (downstream of the energy dissipating pool) were estimated; being 664 m3 (Huacariz catchment), 1965 m3 (El Ingenio catchment), 495 m3 (Tres Molinos catchment) and 798 m3 (Río Porcón catchment), and 25 274.0 m3 (Huacariz catchment), 19 965 m3 (El Ingenio catchment), 14 892.0 m3 (Tres Molinos catchment) and 35885.0 m3 (Río Porcón catchment). The difference in level between the energy dissipation pool and the river bed, immediately downstream, was 11.50 m (Huacariz catchment), 15.40 m (El Ingenio catchment), 19.30 m (Tres Molinos catchment) and 32.10 m (Río Porcón catchment). These declines have occurred gradually over a period of 35 years.
Environmental impact study of an urban development in Iscoconga – Rumicucho, Llacanora district, Cajamarca
This research was carried out in the towns of Iscoconga - Rumicucho; district of Llacanora, province of San Marcos, Cajamarca region, includes the environmental impact study of an urban development in Iscoconga – Rumicucho – Llacanora – Cajamarca. This research was conducted in Ichocan’ location, located in the Cajamarca´ region, includes the study of environmental impact of a hotel in Ichocan. The environmental impact study comprises the following parts: Description of the environment (physical environment, biota, perceptual medium, medium socioeconomic status and diagnosis of preoperational), identification of project activities likely to produce impacts, identification of environmental factors likely receiving impacts, characterization and evaluation of impacts, and the approach of mitigation and correction. This study is prepared, according to Conesa methodology (qualitative and quantitative levels), Leopold matrix and matrix color, adapted to the particular case of this research project. Analysis of results of environmental impact assessment, reported positive impacts on the socio-economic (population and economy): demand for labor in the different phases of the project, empowerment of local economic development and the area of direct and indirect influence of the project, there are also positive impacts in the landscape. The construction, operation and maintenance processes of the different areas of the construction of an urban development in Iscoconga - Rumicucho, Llacanora, produce negative impacts consistent and moderate character, among them the earthworks, emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, damage to flora and fauna. The magnitude of the actions likely to produce negative impacts on the environment due to the construction of an urban development in Iscoconga - Rumicucho, Llacanora district, do not report critical environmental impacts. Mitigation measures and correction made in this investigation, will mitigate the negative environmental impacts.
Use of pH correctors in acidic soils and their effect on performance in associated pastures in the district of Pulán - Santa Cruz
An experiment was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of Calcium Oxide and Calcium Sulfate on the performance of the association of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. ecotype Cajamaquino) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in two altitudinal levels (PA) from the province of Santa Cruz. The experiment was implemented on established pastures, selecting the area according to its homogeneity of height and botanical composition. Twenty-one plots of 20 m2 (5 m x 4 m) were randomly designated per altitudinal floor (AP), under a Randomized Complete Block Design (RBCD) distributed in three repetitions. The highest yield (p < 0.05) was obtained by PA I (2800 to 3300 masl) with 4565.5 kg MS ha-1, over PA II (3301 to 3800 masl) with 3274.7 kg MS ha-1. In PA II the best performances were obtained (p < 0.05), in favor of the use of high gypsum and low gypsum; The lowest performance corresponded to the use of low lime. It is important to mention that the information obtained has been based on evaluations of two cuts, due to the intense rains; Despite this, the positive trend that would be generatedby the use of Calcium Sulfate over Calcium Oxide, as an improver of the performance of associated pastures, should be highlighted.
Effect of lemon verbena (Aloysia citradora) on the catalytic activity of peroxidase in the liver of chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
The work was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the catalytic activity of peroxidase, which is present in chicken and guinea pig liver by adding 0.1 mL of lemon verbena homogenate. We worked with 1g for all samples. The peroxidase activity in lemon verbena varies from 42.177 to 69.268 mM/min; for chicken liver from 45.066 to 42.411 mM/min and for guinea pig liver from 61.083 to 41.259 mM/min with the addition of 0.1 mL of lemon verbena extract, which indicates that it has an antioxidant effect.
Geological study of the sandstones of the Goyllarisquizga Group for their use as construction materials, Celendín Province
The non-metallic mining industry is of utmost importance in the economic and industrial development of Peru. In Cajamarca there is a lot of demand for sand for the use of construction materials. In the city of Celendín located NE of the city of Cajamarca, extensive outcrops of sandstones from the Goyllarisquizga Group of lower Cretaceous age are observed and which, due to the chemical and macroscopic results obtained, indicate that they have favorable conditions to be exploited for sand. On the other hand, the proximity of these outcrops to the main road would reduce the transportation costs of the extracted material, taken to storage centers and subsequent sale.
National Industrialization Policy, an Important Factor for Economic Development in Peru: 1950-2020
The present research aims to study the evolution of industrial policies in Peru and their impact on the economic development process during the period 1950-2020. To this end, it seeks to address the problem of how national industrialization policies affect Peru's economic development process. The objective is to analyze the evolution of national industrialization policies and Peru's economic development process during the same period, attempting to demonstrate the validity of the hypothesis that national industrialization policies had a very weak level of impact on Peru's economic development process during the period 1950-2020. In the research process, the following methods have been applied: hypothetical-deductive, historical, and statistical. The following results and conclusions were obtained: The evolution of national industrialization policies in Peru has been characterized by showing a clear difference in its process and dynamics of development throughout the study period, with four well-defined periods: Period 1950-1967: characterized by the first attempts at Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI); Period 1968-1975: characterized by the implementation of an Industrial Policy of Excessive Protectionism; Period 1976-1995: characterized by dedication to crisis management; Period 1996-2020: Characterized by the implementation of the deindustrialization process promoted by Neoliberalism. Regarding the evolution and behavior of economic development in Peru during the period 1950-2020, it can be seen that it has had a differentiated behavior: evolution of national GDP and GDP per capita, evolution of Employment levels, evolution of Education levels, evolution of Life Expectancy levels, evolution of the Human Development Index (HDI). Regarding the impact of National Industrialization Policies on Peru's Economic Development, it has been determined that the level of relationship is direct and positive.
Ciencias Económicas, Contables y Administrativas
Nematodes and Metacestodes in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) benefited in Cajamarca – 2023
The research was conducted in the province of Cajamarca and in the Veterinary Physiology, Parasitology, and Parasitic Diseases laboratories of the Faculty of Veterinary Sciences at the National University of Cajamarca, Peru. The objective was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites, specifically nematodes and metacestodes, in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) raised in the province of Cajamarca during the year 2023. A total of 82 gastrointestinal tracts and associated organs from domestic rabbits sacrificed at various locations in Cajamarca city were examined, without consideration of age, weight, sex, or breed. Upon arrival at the laboratory, the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine were separated and tied at their ends. The contents of each digestive tract section were emptied separately through a series of sieves with mesh sizes of 40, 60, and 80 threads per inch for washing and separation. Parasites retained on the sieves were identified and collected based on size criteria. Parasites were classified through direct observation according to morphological characteristics and taxonomic parasitology tables. The prevalence of nematodes was 43.90 % (36/82), with a confidence interval ranging from 33.16 % to 54.64 %, while the prevalence of metacestodes was 65.85 % (54/82), with a confidence interval from 55.59 % to 76.11 %.
Frequency of Giardia spp. in children and dogs from three villages in the District of Sorochuco, Province of Celendín, Cajamarca
The objective of this research work was to determine the frequency of Giardia spp. in children and dogs from 3 villages in the district of Sorochuco, province of Celendín, Cajamarca Region, using the Faust concentration and flotation technique. For the study, 30 stool samples from children aged 3 to 12 years, and 30 stool samples from dogs of different ages and both sexes, were taken from each of the Villages. The analysis of fecal samples was carried out in the Immunology and Research Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National University of Cajamarca (UNC). Giardia spp. The frequency of Giardia spp. in children, for La Chorrera village it was 46.7 ± 18 %, in Cruzpampa it was 36.7 ± 17 %, and in Chugurmayo it was 40 ± 18 %. The Giardia spp frequency in dogs was 38.1 ± 20 %, in the La Chorrera village, 23.3 ± 15 % in Cruzpampa, and 20.7 ± 14.7 % in Chugurmayo. It is concluded that Giardia spp. in Cajamarca represents a public health problem for the population, especially for children who are the most vulnerable.
Satisfaction of tourists visiting Cajamarca, year 2023
This research aimed to determine the level of satisfaction of tourists visiting the city of Cajamarca in 2023. The population consisted of national and international tourists who arrived in Cajamarca during that year. A survey of 20 questions was conducted with 113 tourists. The results indicate that the satisfaction of tourists visiting Cajamarca is moderate, as the average satisfaction percentages across dimensions reach 50 %, with some dimensions, such as reliability and responsiveness, slightly exceeding 50 %. However, a smaller percentage expressed dissatisfaction with the type and category of services provided, as they are neither homogeneous nor standardized. Additionally, there is a negative perception regarding the tangible elements dimension. This dissatisfaction is reflected in the characteristics and attributes of the tourist resources, which, according to respondents, fail to meet satisfaction expectations due to a lack of certain tourist facilities or the poor condition of existing ones.
Tourist vocation of the Sulluscocha Town Center for the development of rural tourism, Llacanora District – 2023
The guiding idea of this writing is to know the tourist qualities of the Sulluscocha Population Center for the development of rural tourism, Llacanora district - 2023. The dimensions of this study have been the description and registration of the tourist resources of the Sulluscocha Population Center, to identify the support infrastructure that the Sulluscocha Population Center presents to promote rural tourism and to determine the vocation characteristics that the local community presents for the development of rural tourism. The inductive-deductive method and the analytical-synthetic method were used. The main result was that the tourist resource with the best condition is the Sulluscocha lagoon, which is registered in the category of natural sites and bodies of water type, this according to the Tourist Resources Inventory Manual of Peru. Of the localities near this population center, Namora presents better infrastructure qualities to be its support center and that the local population presents a favorable vocation to develop rural tourism. These three conditions allow us to recognize that the geographic space of the populated center would favor the tourist activity that requires coordinated work between public and private institutions for efficient management and thus contribute to the diversification of the district's tourist offer.
Violence against women: social factors and frequency of aggression in the Women's Emergency Center, Cajamarca, 2023
This research was designed as a documentary, correlational study based on secondary data (21). Given that the analysis of the variables was carried out from the database obtained from the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations. Technique and instruments for data collection: the technique used for data collection was documentary review and the instrument used was the data registration form; the objective was to determine and analyze the relationship between social factors and the influence of aggression against women in the Women's Emergency Center. The population consisted of women who filed a complaint and whose data are registered in the violence files of the CEM of the Cajamarca region. Results: the average age of the population attended was 48% between 18 and 59 years of age; with origin of attention from the Cajamarca family police station 34.7%; with single marital status 25.6%; and with frequency of aggression 57.2% refer to intermittent aggression, and with frequency and type of aggression 36.9% refer to physical aggression. Of the sociodemographic factors analyzed, only age and origin show a significant relationship with the frequency of assaults, indicating a highly significant relationship between these factors and the frequency of assaults. Therefore, the research hypothesis is partially accepted.
Antimicrobial sensitivity and BLEE gene in gut microbiota enterobacteria from children treated at Llapa health center, San Miguel, Cajamarca – 2023
To determining the sensitivity/resistance status of the intestinal microbiota of children from Llapa - Cajamarca, 30 bacterial isolates from feces were analyzed by microbiological and molecular methods. Sensitivity to cefuroxime, cefotaxime or ciprofloxacin (3.3 %, each) was the least common; sensitivity to ampicillin was null. Resistance to ampicillin (90 %), cefotaxime (80 %) and sulphamethoxazole-trimetropime (77 %) was the most common. E. coli was the most abundant species. The blaCTX-M gene was the most frequent, which is partly related to the phenotypic results.
Neurological sequelae in the child related to labor five to twenty years later, Cajamarca province, 2023-2024
The objective was to determine neurological sequelae in the child related to labor, five to twenty years after birth at the Regional Teaching Hospital of Cajamarca, 2023-2024; population of 296 medical records. Methodology: nonexperimental, retrospective, quantitative and descriptive. Results: sociodemographic characteristics: from one to five (33.4 %) and six to 10 years of age (28.0 %), male gender (61.5 %), urban area (56.1 %). Obstetric characteristics: maternal age of 20 to 24 years (26 %), primigravida (42.9 %), adequate ANC ≥ six (89.2 %), vaginal delivery (70.3 %), attended by an obstetrician (62.16 %), GA according to Capurro 38 to 39 weeks (55.7 %) and 40 to 41 weeks (30.1 %), Apgar at one minute (80.1 %) and all five ≥ 7 (96.3 %), weight of NB 3001 to 3500 g (31.4%), and from 2501 to 3000 g (31.1 %), head circumference ≤ 34.2 cm (72.3 %). Pathologies: group of epilepsies of various kinds (42.9 %), convulsive syndrome (24.3 %). Pediatric neonatal evaluation: diagnosis of severe depression at birth (15.2 %), hyperbilirubinemia (13.2 %), fetal distress (12.5 %) and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (12.2 %), as the most significant. Admission of the newborn to the intensive care unit because he needed mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy (43.4 %) due to the diverse etiology that implied his immediate attention.
Maternal risk factors associated with prematurity in newborns hospitalized in the neonatology service of the Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca
The main objective was to determine the association between maternal risk factors and prematurity in newborns hospitalized in the neonatology service of the Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca. The research corresponds to a non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational study. It was developed in a sample of 157 mothers of premature newborns. According to the Chi-square statistical test with a significance level of 0.05, maternal risk factors such as UTI (p = 0.025), STI (p = 0.021), HELLP syndrome (p = 0.023), multiple pregnancy (p = 0.017), and anemia (p = 0.003), have a significant relationship with prematurity in newborns. In addition, it has been determined that with OR > 1 that UTI, STI, HELLP syndrome, multiple pregnancy, and anemia are at increased risk and associated with prematurity of the newborn. Women with UTI were found to have 2.16 times the odds of the preterm newborn being extreme or very preterm, women with STI were found to have 2.85 times the odds of the preterm newborn being extreme or very preterm, those with HELLP syndrome were found to have 3.64 times the likelihood of the preterm infant being extreme or very preterm, those with multiple pregnancy have 3.33 times the likelihood of the preterm infant being extreme or very preterm, and those with anemia have 4.33 times the likelihood of the preterm infant being extreme or very preterm: There are risk factors in mothers of newborns associated with prematurity.
Study of the diversity and floristic composition of a forest in the C.P. El Triunfo, San Ignacio – Peru
The objective of this research work is to study the diversity and floristic composition of a forest in the C. P. El Triunfo, Huarango district, San Ignacio – Peru. The research project was developed in two plots of one hectare each, in a primary forest in the C. P. El Triunfo. Within the one-ha plot, 25 subplots were delimited, where arboreal and arborescent individuals with DBH ≥ 10 cm were recorded. The results achieved were the following: A total of 570 individuals were inventoried, identifying 20 species distributed in 12 botanical families; Licaria triandra (Sw.) Kosterm was the species with the highest number of individuals, also this species was the one with the highest IVI and the Lauraceae family was the one with the highest IVIF. The predominant diameter class was between 10 to 20 cm DAP, registering 215 individuals (PI) and 193 individuals (PII); For both plots, a slight absence of species uniformity is notable due to obtaining values close to zero for the Pielou uniformity index; The mixing coefficient for PI was 0.0614 and for PII it was 0.0578. The forest evaluated in this study has low biodiversity with a notable slight absence of species uniformity, which is concluded to be due to the intervention resulting from anthropogenic activities.
Effect of heat on moisture retention in a pine (Pinus radiata) covered soil in Cajamarca, Peru
The research was carried out on the soil covered by Pine (Pinus radiata) of the pine plantations of Granja Porcón, Cajamarca, the objective was: Determine the effect of heat on the physical-chemical properties of the soil covered by pine in Cajamarca and determine the effect of heat on the moisture retention of a soil covered with pine in Cajamarca. The results were the following: The granulometric fractions and textural class of the soil affected by heat have registered strong variations; The chemical properties that have registered an increase with increasing heat are: pH, EC, available P, base saturation; The chemical properties that have registered a decrease are: Al, MO, Nt, available K, change acidity. In normal soil subjected to 100 °C, the available water is 10.738 %, however, at 1000 °C, the amount of available water is 4.537 %; that is, it has decreased by 57.75 %.
Results and Analysis of 60 Years of Research on Pastures and Forages in the Cajamarca Countryside
The present work responds to the following formulation of the research problem: What are the result of research works on pastures and forages in the countryside of Cajamarca, during the period 1968 - 2018? The general objective: To compile and analyze 60 years of research on pastures and forages in the countryside of Cajamarca. The methodology used consisted of two phases: The first phase, consisted of the compilation of research work carried out by the Agricultural Faculties of the National University of Cajamarca and by the Institute of Agricultural Research and Innovation INIA. Baños del Inca Station. As well as the interview to the researchers. The second phase: Processing, analysis and evaluation of the information collected. The results indicate that a total of 209 studies were carried out, distributed according to lines of research and ecological zones: 185 studies for the valley (88.51 %); 13 studies for the hillside (6.22 %) and 11 studies for the Jalca (5.27 %). It is recommended to disseminate the results to users.
microstructure-property-processing relationship
Evaluation of heavy metal content and physicochemical parameters in sludge from the wastewater treatment plant of the city of Celendín-Cajamarca
The main objective of this research work was to determine the quality of the sludge from the WWTP of the city of Celendín, in response to the D.S. 015-2017-Housing, which establishes maximum values in different physical, chemical and biological parameters, so that this organic material can be used in the fertilization and improvement of soils; Within this, the concentration of the metalloid arsenic and the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, pH, and organic matter were determined; presence of E. coli, Salmonella and helminth eggs; as well as total nitrogen; Likewise, other parameters were evaluated such as calcium carbonates, electrical conductivity, and other nutritional elements such as phosphorus and potassium; with the purpose of determining the level of toxicity of the biosolid, fertilizer potential and sanitation, considering its fertilizer and soil improver potential. The average results obtained for the different parameters were as follows: pH (7,2), organic matter (20 %), electrical conductivity (393,5 mS/m), calcium carbonates (14,6 %); Regarding the concentrations of heavy metals found in the sludge, it was as follows: Arsenic (1,54 m.kg-1), cadmium (1,79 m.kg-1), chromium 22,41 m.kg-1, copper (61,28 m.kg-1), nickel (8,6 m.kg-1), lead (17,93 m.kg-1), zinc (602,52 m.kg-1); E. coli (383,95 NMP/1gST), Salmonella sp (1,144 NMP/1gST) and helminth eggs (zero). These sludge analysis results were evaluated and interpreted in accordance with current national regulations D.S. 015-2017-Housing, where it is seen that the average value of Salmonella sp (1,144 NMP/1gST), slightly exceeds the value of the regulations (1 NMP/10 g total solids); concluding that the sludge is classified as biosolid A, being suitable for use in agriculture and/or soil improvement; It should also be noted that the sludge from the Celendín WWTP contains satisfactory levels of the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, being appropriate for use as a physical, chemical and biological improver of agricultural soils.
Effect of hot air drying on microstructural and texture parameters in potato chips (Solanum tuberosum)
The present research will generate a proposal with the interest of providing advances in the knowledge and interpretation of the structure-property-process relationships of plant tissues of the Única variety potato. The research aimed to identify and analyze the microstructural characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in fresh material and in a drying process using a multifactorial arrangement of temperature and time, microstructural characteristics were measured (area, perimeter, length of major axis, length of minor axis, roundness, elongation and compaction), for this purpose it was implemented a potato microstructural characterization software, developing algorithms for image processing and analysis and for the classification of structural characteristics with the Matlab software (version 2019a). The histograms of the parameters of compaction, elongation, roundness, length of major axis, length of minor axis, perimeter and cellular areas were generated for the potato values where it could be observed that the size and shape of the curves is similar for the parameters of area, perimeter, major axis length, minor axis length and compaction.
Characterization of cases of exhumations and legal autopsies in the Fiscal District of Cajamarca, years 2008-2012
This study statistically analyzes violent and non-violent deaths in exhumations and forensic autopsies in the Fiscal District of Cajamarca (2008-2012). A total of 27 cases were reviewed from 1,280 (2.109% of the project). In 2009, the highest rate of requirements was recorded with 15 cases (56.00%), and in 2012, the lowest with 01 case (4.00%). The Provincial Mixed Prosecutor's Office-Bolívar led as the requesting authority with 10 cases (37.00%), while several entities had the lowest rate, each with 01 case (4.00%). Regarding gender, the highest rate was in men with 21 cases (78.00%), undetermined with 01 case (4.00%), and women with 05 cases (4.00%). The time range of 04-07 months and 08-07 months had the highest rate in the approximate time of death, each with 07 cases (26.00%), and the ranges of 05-10 years and 41-50 years had the lowest rate, each with 01 case (3.50%). The age group of 21-30 years led with 06 cases (22.00%), and the ranges of 51-60 years, 71-80 years, and 111-120 years had the lowest rate, each with 01 case (4.00%). The occupation of farmer had the highest rate with 14 cases (52.00%), and domestic employee and automotive mechanic had the lowest rate, each with 01 case (4.00%). The provinces of Cajamarca and Bolívar led in the place of occurrence with 10 cases each (37.00%), and the provinces of San Marcos, Santa Cruz, and Cajabamba had the lowest rate, each with 1 case (4.00%). September led in presentation with 06 cases (22.00%), and the months of February, March, April, May, August, and November had the lowest rate, each with 01 case (4.00%). The cause "Unknown due to Advanced State of Organic Decomposition" had the highest rate with 16 cases (59.00%), and poisoning by carbon monoxide, mechanical asphyxiation-strangulation, and intoxication by an unspecified chemical substance had the lowest rate, each with 01 case (4.00%). "Advanced State of Organic Decomposition" led in the agent with 16 cases (60.00%), and carbon monoxide, constricting element around the neck, and chemical substance had the lowest rate, each with 1 case (4.00%). In the chemical-toxicological test, "Amines due to Decomposition" led with 85.00%, and chemical substance and carbon monoxide had the lowest rate, each with 1 case (4.00%).
Copyright (c) 2023 Caxamarca https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of geological hazards using Landsat 5 satellite images in the district of Chilete, Cajamarca
The geomorphological and geological complexity of the district of Chilete, located in the province of Contumazá, Cajamarca region, is evident through fundamental conditioning and triggering factors for the identification, analysis, and assessment of geological hazards. These factors are intricately linked to lithostratigraphic sequences of the lower and upper Cretaceous from the Goyllarisquizga Group, encompassing the Chimú, Santa, Carhuaz, and Farrat Formations, as well as the Inca Formation and the Puylluicana Group with its Chulec and Pariatambo Formations. These formations and sequences overlay volcaniclastic deposits of lavas, rhyolitic and andesitic tuffs from the Calipuy Group and are covered by colluvial-alluvial deposits, with sectors more vulnerable to the occurrence of hazards identified in these areas. The application of advanced techniques, such as Remote Sensing and Teledetection using Landsat 5 satellite imagery, has been crucial in determining areas susceptible to hazards through image processing, interpretation of contrasts, textures, and structural alignments using ENVI 5.3 software. This study, framed within a hypothetical-deductive and non-experimental design methodology, is expected to significantly contribute to the formulation of risk management policies at the local and regional levels, recognizing the importance of teledetection as a geoscientific tool.
Assessment of the circulation routes of mototaxis in the city of Cajamarca
In the city of Cajamarca, mototaxism emerges as a widely accessible alternative transportation option for the majority of the population. However, this service lacks formality, leading to insecurity and having a negative impact on both traffic and environmental pollution. The aim of this study is to conduct a detailed assessment of the sections of roads with a higher presence of mototaxis in the city of Cajamarca. In this process, the 48 intersections with the highest mototaxi traffic were identified, a representative sample was determined, and digitized techniques were applied for urban planning surveys. Additionally, collaboration was sought from students in the Urban Planning Subject, utilizing Autodesk Revit to create 3D representations of 41 intersections. The results of this work enable the analysis of specific characteristics of mototaxi circulation at these intersections. It was observed that during peak hours, approximately 41% of total vehicles consist of mototaxis. Furthermore, the components of road sections in these intersections were evaluated, revealing that only one collector road meets all requirements. Roadways comply with regulations at 80%, sidewalks at 27.5%, and diagonal setbacks at corners reach only 14%. In conclusion, specific measures are proposed to enhance the safety and circulation of mototaxis, which should be considered by the municipality in crafting a regulatory plan for smaller vehicles in the district of Cajamarca. This plan should address aspects such as the maximum allowed speed, location of stops, and restriction of circulation on collector roads.
Analysis and design of foundation slabs with piles
In the current context, the construction of tall buildings has become an imperative necessity driven, firstly, by the global population growth and the consequent demand for habitable spaces in expanding cities. Secondly, scientific and technical advancements, leading to the discovery of new materials, the implementation of specialized machinery, and innovation in construction processes, have significantly influenced the ability to erect taller structures. Additionally, factors such as competition among nations to lead in the construction of impressive buildings, driven by both fashion and national pride, also contribute to this trend. This research study focuses on the detailed analysis and practical application of foundations that combine slabs and piles in the construction of large-scale buildings, bridges, industrial, and marine structures, among others. Emblematic cases are examined, such as the Burj Khalifa Tower, which, situated on challenging soil, employs this combination to manage settlements and optimize economic considerations. The references provide additional and detailed information about various buildings that employ this foundation technique.
Productive evaluation and nutritional value of five cultivars of perennial grasses in two altitudinal zones of the province of Santa Cruz, Cajamarca
An experiment was conducted with the aim of assessing the performance, height, and nutritional value of five cultivars of perennial grasses (Dactylis glomerata Savvy, Festuca arundinacea Quantum II, Festuca arundinacea Festival, Festulolium Mahulena, and Phalaris Confederate) in two altitudinal zones (AZ) in the province of Santa Cruz, Cajamarca. Throughout the study, the percentage of purity, germination power, and the weight of 1 000 seeds were analyzed. Nine plots of 6 m2 (3 m x 2 m) per AZ were randomly designated, and the five cultivars were planted in them using a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD). Although no significant differences in yield (P>0.05) were observed among the cultivars, it was highlighted that, by altitudinal zone, the highest yield (P<0.05) in dry matter per cut and accumulated (DM) corresponded to AZ I, with 1 874.43 kg DM ha-1 and 9 372.20 kg DM ha-1 year-1 , respectively. Elevated concentrations of ashes (minerals) were observed only by altitudinal zone, being more pronounced in AZ I. Considering that the assessment spanned a full year, the values obtained in these cultivars generate favorable expectations for producers, encouraging improvements in milk production.
Productive and Commercial Characterization of Dairy Products in Cajamarca
This study has assessed the quality of Swiss and buttery-type cheeses by randomly selecting 20 samples from 5 factories and distributors (designated as A, B, C, D, and E) in the city of Cajamarca. The evaluation encompassed three quality parameters: sensory, physicochemical, and microbiological. In the sensory evaluation, the color, smell, and texture of the cheeses were determined, following the parameters established by the Peruvian Technical Standard (NTP). Concerning physicochemical quality, the fat and protein content was determined using the microkjeldahl method, revealing values (fat 29.45% and 23.83%; protein 7.92% and 9.64% in buttery and Swiss cheeses, respectively) below the recommendations of several authors (37.00% for fat and 25% for protein). In terms of microbiological quality, the count of enterobacteria (CFU) was conducted, showing values ranging between 4325 for buttery and 4190 for Swiss, considerably exceeding the limit allowed by the NTP standard (1000). Furthermore, analyses for fungi, yeasts, and salmonella also yielded positive results. Although the organoleptic characteristics comply with NTP parameters, the need for strict hygiene controls to ensure the quality of Swiss and buttery-type cheeses from Cajamarca is emphasized. This is essential to meet consumer expectations regarding health and safety.
Classification of the phrases with the diatopic mark of Peru according to three academic dictionaries for the formulation of a proposal for a phraseological corpus with the phrases used in Peru, year 2022
This research aims to assess the classification of locutions with a diatopic marker from Peru in three academic dictionaries, with the goal of constructing a phraseological corpus that reflects the locutions used in the Peruvian context during the year 2022. The underlying hypothesis posits that the classification in academic dictionaries facilitates the formulation of said corpus. The theoretical framework is based on the discipline of Phraseology, without reference to specific authors. Methodologically, a simple descriptive approach is adopted with data collection through document analysis, using record sheets and systematization matrices. The results show that, out of the 548 locutions identified with a diatopic marker from Peru in the academic dictionaries, 49% correspond to verbal locutions. This finding contributes to a better understanding of Peruvian idiomatic expressions and provides more accurate lexicographical resources for linguistic studies and the teaching of Spanish in Spanishspeaking contexts.
Determination of the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of La Manzanilla Spring, Michiquillay – La Encañada, Cajamarca
The research addresses two fundamental aspects: the physicochemical properties and the presence of bacteria in the water. Regarding physicochemical properties, parameters such as acidity, alkalinity, hardness, electrical conductivity, among others, are examined. These factors are indicative of the chemical composition of the water and its ability to meet human needs without posing risks to health. Bacteriological assessment focuses on identifying the presence of pathogenic microorganisms that could cause diseases. Specialized techniques are employed to detect potential microbiological contamination of the spring. The results of these tests are crucial to determine if the water is suitable for human consumption without posing a risk to health. This study not only contributes to the protection of the health of the local population but may also have broader implications for the sustainable management of the water resource in the region. The collected data will provide valuable information for local authorities and decision-makers in terms of water policies and conservation measures. In conclusion, research on the water quality in the La Manzanilla spring in Michiquillay is essential to ensure water safety and community health. The obtained results can have a significant impact on the formulation of water management policies and practices in the Cajamarca region, thus promoting the well-being of the population and the sustainable conservation of this vital resource.
Geological study of limestones in the Cajamarca Formation for the production of calcium oxide (lime) in the Chamis Locality, Cajamarca, Peru
The non-metallic mining industry plays a crucial role in the economic and industrial development of Peru. In the Cajamarca region, there is significant demand for calcium oxide, both in the agricultural and mining sectors. In the locality of Chamis, located northeast of the city of Cajamarca, extensive outcrops of limestones from the Upper Cretaceous Cajamarca Formation are observed. Chemical results and macroscopic observations indicate highly favorable conditions for the exploitation of calcium oxide in this area. The proximity of these outcrops to the main road presents a significant logistical advantage, as it would contribute to reducing the costs associated with the transportation of extracted material, its transfer to calcination furnaces, and subsequent product marketing. This strategic factor not only enhances operational efficiency but also boosts the project's competitiveness, thereby consolidating the economic viability of limestone exploitation in the Cajamarca Formation in the Chamis locality.